Transition from winter to summer and vice versa: consequences for the body of different age groups

Introduction: the challenge of chronobiology and adaptation

Quick changes in climate and time zones (jet lag) combined with extreme seasonal changes represent a powerful stress for all regulatory systems of the body. This is not just "acclimatization", but a comprehensive restructuring of circadian rhythms, thermoregulation, vegetative tone, and immune response. The consequences of such a transition differ fundamentally for children, adults, and the elderly due to age-specific physiological characteristics and adaptive reserve.

Physiological basis of stress: more than just a change in temperature

The body is faced with a triple blow:

Disorientation of circadian rhythms. Disruption of "internal clocks" located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. The production of melatonin (sleep hormone), cortisol (stress and alertness hormone), and digestive enzymes is disrupted. The body continues to live in "winter" mode when it's "summer" outside, and vice versa.

Extreme thermoregulatory shock. Emergency reprogramming of the heat exchange system is required: from working in conditions of cold stress with maximum heat preservation to a cooling mode through sweating and dilation of peripheral vessels, which creates a load on the cardiovascular system.

Immunological provocation. A sharp change in the environment (new allergens, pathogens, temperature) temporarily reduces the effectiveness of the immune response, increasing the risk of respiratory and intestinal infections ("traveler's diarrhea").

Age groups: differentiated analysis of risks

1. Children (especially preschool and elementary school age)

The child's body has high plasticity, but its regulatory systems are still immature.

Consequences: The manifestations are bright and fast: sleep disturbances (the child confuses day and night), capriciousness, disturbances of appetite and digestion, possible fever due to stress. Especially dangerous for babies is the risk of heat stroke during a flight "to summer" due to their imperfect thermoregulatory system and faster dehydration.

Critical fact: Studies show that the change of more than 2-3 time zones causes significantly more pronounced and prolonged disruptions of circadian rhythms in children under 3 years old than in adults. Their internal "clocks" synchronize slower.

Example: A child who flew from -20°C to +30°C may show weakness and refusal to eat on the first day — this is not just fatigue, but disorientation of the hypothalamus, which controls sleep, appetite, and thermoregulation.

2. Adults (25-50 years)

This group has the maximum adaptive reserve, but the consequences depend heavily on the initial state of health and lifestyle.

Consequences: Classic symptoms of jet lag: insomnia or drowsiness, decreased cognitive functions (attention, memory), irritability, disturbances in the work of the gastrointestinal tract. A flight "to winter" often exacerbates chronic inflammatory diseases (sinusitis, cystitis), while a flight "to summer" may trigger hypertensive crises in people with unstable blood pressure due to sudden vessel dilation and dehydration.

Critical fact: Scientific data indicate that adaptation during a flight to the west (extension of the day) is easier than to the east (shortening of the day). However, the change of season complicates this scheme: a flight to the east "from summer to winter" is a double blow.

Example: A sportsman or a business person who has made such a flight may see a significant decrease in endurance, accuracy, and reaction speed for 3-5 days, which is confirmed by objective tests. This is due to a disruption in cortisol production and a violation of neuromuscular coordination.

3. Elderly people (65+ years)

The most vulnerable group due to the age-related decrease in functional reserves and the presence of chronic diseases.

Consequences: The risks are not just uncomfortable, but threatening to health. High probability:

De compensation of cardiovascular diseases (hypertensive crisis, angina attack, arrhythmia) due to the load on the vessels and changes in the rheological properties of blood.

Exacerbation of chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency with increased dizziness, ringing in the ears, the risk of transient ischemic attacks.

Deep sleep and cognitive function disturbances, which may take weeks to recover.

Expressed exacerbation of arthritis and osteochondrosis when traveling to a cold, damp climate.

Critical fact: Studies in the field of chronogeriatrics show that the elderly have a reduced own production of melatonin and less sensitive receptors. Therefore, the natural adjustment of circadian rhythms after a flight is fundamentally disrupted in them and often requires pharmacological correction.

Example: An elderly person with early signs of atherosclerosis who flew from a cold winter to a tropical summer runs the risk of a sudden spasm or, conversely, pathological dilation of the cerebral vessels due to dehydration and pressure fluctuations, which may trigger a stroke.

General recommendations and strategies for mitigating consequences

Preparation (2-3 days before departure): Gradually shift the time of going to bed and eating towards the new zone. Start an adaptogen course (by doctor's prescription), for example, melatonin in small doses.

During the flight: Hydration is the foundation. Refusal of alcohol and caffeine. Use of compression stockings for the prevention of venous stasis. Light gymnastics every 1.5-2 hours.

Upon arrival:

For everyone: Immediate synchronization with local time (if you arrived in the morning, do not sleep but go out into the light, if in the evening — help yourself with melatonin).

For children: A mild regimen, plenty of drinking, light food. Do not plan active entertainment in the first 2-3 days.

For the elderly: Mandatory control of blood pressure and pulse. Delayed start of any activity (postpone excursions for 3-4 days). Consultation with a treating doctor about possible adjustment of therapy (for example, temporary increase in the dose of antihypertensive drugs).

Conclusion

A flight through several seasons is a serious physiological test, the scale of which depends directly on age. For a young body, it is often just temporary discomfort, but for the elderly, it is a real threat to health, comparable to a heavy stress load. Conscious planning of such a trip, taking into account age-related risks, sufficient time for adaptation, and, if necessary, consultation with a geriatrician (for the elderly) or a pediatrician (for children) — the only way to turn the abrupt change from winter to summer into a potentially dangerous event into a manageable adventure.

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