Imagine a steppe where the wind drives sand and a herd appears on the horizon. This is not a cartoon. These are wild horses. A symbol of freedom, unbridled strength, and beauty. When we say "wild horse," the image of a mustang — a hero of Westerns — comes to mind. But in reality, there are only two species of truly wild horses left on the planet. All the others, the "wild ones," are the offspring of domesticated horses that have escaped from humans or been released into the wild. Today's populations of wild horses are islands of wilderness in a rapidly urbanizing world. Let's embark on a journey through these herds.

True wild horses: the Przewalski horse

The only remaining species of truly wild horse is the Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii). It has never been domesticated. Discovered by the Russian traveler Nikolai Przewalski in 1878 in Mongolia. In the 20th century, the species was on the brink of extinction: by the 1960s, only a few dozen individuals remained in the wild. Thanks to breeding programs in zoos and reintroduction, today the population is about 2,000 individuals. They inhabit reserves in Mongolia, China, as well as acclimatized populations in Kazakhstan (Altyn-Emel National Park), southern Russia (Orenburg Reserve, Pre-Ural Steppe zone), Ukraine (Chernobyl Exclusion Zone). The Przewalski horse has a stocky body, a short neck, a large head, a dark mane without a forelock, brown-savannah fur in summer, and lighter fur in winter.

Mustangs: the symbol of the Wild West

Mustangs are the descendants of Spanish horses that were released or escaped in North America in the 16th-17th centuries. The word "mustang" (from Spanish mestengo) means "ownerless, wild." In the 19th century, there were millions of them. By the 1900s, the population had sharply declined due to capture, extermination by livestock farmers, and the destruction of the habitat. Today, under the protection of the Wild Horse and Burro Act of 1971 in the United States, there are about 60,000 mustangs, mainly in the states of Nevada, Wyoming, and Montana. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) regulates the population to avoid overpopulation. Mustangs are the pride of American prairies, a symbol of freedom. They are diverse in color: bay, chestnut, black, and palomino. They live in herds of 5-20 individuals under the leadership of a stallion.

Brumbies: wild horses of Australia

In Australia, wild horses are called brumbies. They are the descendants of escaped horses of European settlers in the 19th century. Their population is huge — up to 400,000 individuals (by various estimates). Brumbies inhabit the Australian Alps, the Northern Territory, and Queensland. They cause damage to the ecosystem: trample vegetation, compete with local kangaroos, cause soil erosion. The government periodically conducts culls by helicopter, which causes protests from animal rights activists. However, controlling the population is necessary, as brumbies are an invasive species for Australian flora. The famous poem "The Man from Snowy River" by Banjo Paterson glorified the brumbies in culture. They are also captured and tamed — brumbies make excellent riding horses.

Camargue horses: horses from salt marshes

In the south of France, in the delta of the Rhône, live semi-wild Camargue horses (Camargue). They have a gray coat (they turn white with age), a low stature (1.35-1.50 m). Their origin is ancient — possibly descendants of prehistoric horses. They live in herds on protected territory of the regional natural park Camargue. Horses are used for traditional work as well as for tourist excursions. Their population is controlled by local farmers-gauchos. Some horses remain wild, but many are considered "semi-wild" as they are monitored and periodically driven. Camargue horses are a symbol of Provence, their images can be seen on souvenirs.

Bant (Canadian wild horses)

In Canada, in the province of British Columbia, there are so-called "bant" (B.C. Wild Horses). They are the descendants of horses of gold prospectors, farmers, and Indigenous peoples. Their population is estimated at several thousand. The most famous populations are on Lake Chilcotin and in the Kootenay Mountains. Canadian wild horses are strong, hardy, often black or bay. They live in harsh conditions, all year round foraging for food under the snow. In Canada, there is also a problem of population control, but the attitude towards wild horses is more careful than in Australia.

Wild horses on islands: Assateague, Sable, Shetland

On Assateague Island (eastern coast of the United States), there are famous wild ponies. They are small in stature (about 1.2 m). According to legend, their ancestors were saved from a Spanish shipwreck. Every year, at the end of July, "pennings" are held — rounding up the horses, examining them, and selling young animals to control the population. On Sable Island (Nova Scotia, Canada), wild horses have been living since the 1700s, descendants of animals confiscated from settlers or left behind. Their population is stable (about 500 heads), they belong to no one. On the Shetland Islands (Scotland), there are wild ponies, but mainly Shetland ponies are a domestic breed. Wild populations also exist in Portugal (sorraia), Spain (retimar), Japan (Toda Island).

Problems of preserving wild horses

The first problem is genetic depletion. The small population of the Przewalski horse threatens inbreeding. Scientists keep pedigrees, exchange individuals between zoos. The second is a conflict with agriculture. Mustangs and brumbies compete for pastures with domestic livestock. Farmers demand culling. The third is a lack of waterholes during droughts. The fourth is diseases transmitted from domestic horses. The fifth is political problems: there is no unified policy for managing populations in the United States and Australia. The sixth is the problem of wild horses from an ecological point of view: in Australia and North America, they are considered an invasive species that disrupts the delicate balance.

How to help wild horses

You can support organizations involved in the conservation of wild horses: American Wild Horse Campaign, Return to Freedom (USA), Save the Brumbies (Australia), Association pour la sauvegarde du cheval de Przewalski (France). Do not buy souvenirs made from the skins of wild horses. When traveling, choose eco-tours for observation, not hunting. Education: tell your friends about the uniqueness of the Przewalski horse, about the problems of mustangs. If you live in a region where there are wild horses, maintain distance, do not feed them (this makes them dependent on humans and dangerous).

The future of wild horses

The Przewalski horse is a story of success: the species has been saved from complete extinction. Plans are being made to create new populations in Spain, Hungary, and southern Russia. The fate of mustangs and brumbies remains uncertain. Cloning? Not yet applied. Perhaps in 20 years, most wild horses will live only in large protected reserves, and only symbols will remain in the wild. But for now, the gallop of a wild herd across the prairie is one of the most captivating sights on Earth. Let's preserve it for future generations.

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